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Российская империя ''Rossiyskaya imperiya'' |common_name=Russia |continent = Eurasia |status = Empire |year_start = 1721 |year_end = 1917 |image_flag = Flag_of_Russia.svgborder |flag_type = Flag |image_coat = Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Russian_Empire.svg |symbol = Coat of arms of Russia |symbol_type = Coat of arms |national_motto = |national_anthem = ''none'' Imperial anthem |image_map = Russian Empire (orthographic projection).svg |image_map_caption = All territories that were ever part of the Russian Empire or in its sphere of influence. |capital = St. Petersburg (main capital), Moscow |latd=59 |latm=56 |latNS=N |longd=30 |longm=20 |longEW=E |common_languages = Official Russian }} |religion = Official Russian Orthodox }} |government_type = Absolute monarchy (1721–1906) Constitutional monarchy (1906–1917) |title_leader = Emperor |leader1 = Peter I |year_leader1 = |leader2 = Nicholas II |year_leader2 = |title_deputy = |deputy1 = Sergei Witte |year_deputy1 = |deputy2 = Nikolai Golitsyn |year_deputy2 = 1917 |legislature = |house1 = State Council |house2 = State Duma |event_pre = Accession of Peter I |date_pre = ()}} |event_start = Empire proclaimed |date_start = |event1 = Decembrist revolt |date_event1 = |event2 = |date_event2 = |event3 = 1905 Revolution |date_event3 = Jan–Dec 1905 |event4 = |date_event4 = |event_end = February Revolution |date_end = |event_post = October Revolution |date_post = |stat_year1=1866 |stat_area1=22800000 |stat_year2=1916 |stat_area2=21799825 |stat_year3=1916 |stat_area3= |stat_pop3=181,537,800 |currency = Ruble |p1=Tsardom of Russia |flag_p1= Flag of Oryol (variant).svg |s1=Russian Republic |flag_s1=Flag of Russia.svg |s2=Ober Ost |flag_s2=Flag of the German Empire.svg |s3=Karafuto Prefecture |flag_s3=Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg |s4=Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus |flag_s4=Flag of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus.svg |s5=State of Buryat-Mongolia |flag_s5=Flag of Mongolia (1911-1921).svg |today = }} }} |footnotes = | b. ^ Renamed Petrograd in 1914. | }} }} }} The Russian Empire (Pre-reform Russian orthography: ''Россійская Имперія'', Modern Russian: ''Российская империя'', translit: ''Rossiyskaya Imperiya'') was a state that existed from 1721 until overthrown by the short-lived liberal February Revolution in 1917.〔. Swain says, "The first government to be formed after the February Revolution of 1917 had, with one exception, been composed of liberals." ; also see 〕 One of the largest empires in world history, stretching over three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. It played a major role in 1812–14 in defeating Napoleon's ambitions to control Europe, and expanded to the west and south. It was often in conflict with the Ottoman Empire (which in turn was usually protected by the British). At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea on the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean, and (until 1867) into Alaska in North America on the east.〔(In pictures: Russian Empire in colour photos ), BBC News Magazine, March 2012.〕 With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and the British Empire. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, and religion. There were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts; they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to Siberia. Economically, the empire was heavily rural, with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs, until they were freed in 1861. The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways and factories. The land was ruled by a nobility called Boyars from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and then was ruled by an emperor called the "Tsar". Tsar Ivan III (1462–1505) laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged. He tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Tsar Peter the Great (1682–1725) fought numerous wars and built a huge empire that became a major European power. He moved the capital from Moscow to the new model city of St. Petersburg, and led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system. Catherine the Great (1761–1796) presided over a golden age. She expanded the nation rapidly by conquest, colonization and diplomacy. She continued Peter the Great's policy of modernisation along West European lines. Tsar Alexander II (1855–1881) promoted numerous reforms, most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861. His policy in Eastern Europe was to protect the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. That involvement by 1914 led to Russia's entry into the First World War on the side of France, Britain, and Serbia, against the German, Austrian and Ottoman empires. Russia was an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905 and then became a constitutional monarchy. The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917, largely the result of massive failures in its participation in the First World War. ==History== Though the Empire was only officially proclaimed by Tsar Peter I, following the Treaty of Nystad (1721), some historians would argue that it was truly born either when Ivan III conquered Novgorod or when Ivan IV conquered Kazan. According to another point of view, the term ''Tsardom'', which was used after the coronation of Ivan IV in 1547, was already a contemporary Russian word for empire, while Peter the Great just replaced it with a Latinized synonym. Perhaps the latter was done to make Europe recognize Russia as more of a European country. Much of Russia's expansion occurred in the 17th century, culminating in the first Russian settlement of the Pacific in the mid-17th century, the incorporation of Left-bank Ukraine and the pacification of the Siberian tribes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Russian Empire」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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